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Misogyny and mass media
Examples of misogyny exist in many published forms, within multiple cultures and well observed works.〔Hashmi, Taj. (Popular Islam and Misogyny: A Case Study of Bangladesh ). Retrieved October 19, 2011.〕〔Rogers, Katharine M. ''The Troublesome Helpmate: A History of Misogyny in Literature,'' 1966.〕 Technological advances in the modern era have contributed proficient means to media and marketing to the resultant mass media in the 21st century. The merging of misogyny and mass media has made numerous examples where studies have concluded correlations between misogynous messages, both obvious and subliminal. Corresponding physical appearance of violence and hateful conduct may be seen relative to exposure.〔
==Music, violence, and aggression==
Messages containing misogynous views are found commonly in the media.〔Nagayama Hall, Gordon C. "The Influence of Misogynous Rap Music on Sexual Aggression Against Women." Psychology of Women Quarterly. By Christy Barongan. Cambridge UP, 1995. 195–207. Web.〕 Music has become incorporated into our society, permeating many parts of our lives.〔Wester, Stephen R., Cynthia L. Crown, Gerald L. Quatman, and Martin Heesacker. "The Influence of Sexually Violent Rap Music on Attitures of Men with Little Prior Exposure." Psychology of Women Quarterly 21 (1997): 497–508. Print.〕 Music can be found in almost all types of media, especially television, movies and advertising. Cooper (1985) found after analyzing popular music over a time frame of thirty years, that there was a tendency to describe women in terms of physical attributes or as evil, as possessions of men, or as dependent upon men. Dietz states that the concept of masculinity has come to be associated with sexual aggression.〔Dietz, Tracy L. "An Examination of Violence and Gender Role Portrayals in Video Games: Implications for Gender Socialization and Aggressive Behavior." Sex Roles 38.5/6 (1998): 425–41. Web.〕 It is thought that audiences of unpunished violent behavior, compared to audiences of punished violent behavior are more likely to take part in violence.〔 Some musical themes and lyrics can be compared to the negative attitude toward women found within some pornographic movies and magazines.〔 This negative attitude and acceptance of violence towards women shows the possible likelihood of rape or sexual coercion.〔St. Lawrence, Janet S., and Doris J. Joyner. "The Effects of Sexually Violent Rock Music on Males' Acceptance of Violence against Women." Psychology of Women Quarterly 15 (1991): 49–63. Web.〕 Fischer and Greitemeyer found that men who listened to sexually aggressive music reported that their relationship with women was more troublesome.〔Fischer, Peter, and Tobias Greitemeyer. "Music and Aggression: The Impact of Sexual-Aggressive Song Lyrics on Aggression-Related Thoughts, Emotions and Behavior Toward the Same and the Opposite Sex." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 32 (2006): 1165–175. Print.〕 Media Violence research has found that aggressive music adds an accessibility of aggressive related attitudes and emotions.〔 Roberta Hamilton in her book ''Does Misogyny Matter?'' (1987) stated,"Misogyny is not a word useful simply for describing particularly nasty bits of behavior, but rather it directs us to a set of relations, attitudes, and behaviors that are embedded within all social relations"(p. 123).〔Hamilton, Roberta. Does Misogyny Matter?: Its Reproduction and Its Consequences for Social Progress. Kingston, Ont.: Programme of Studies in National and International Development, Queenś University, 1987〕〔 Violence in the form of linguistics is in fact a form of physical violence.〔Gorsevski, Ellen W. 1998. "The Physical Side of Linguistic Violence." Peace Review 10: 4, 513〕〔
Rubin, West and Mitchell (2001) found that many studies have seen consumers of rap and heavy metal music as having more hostile attitudes, higher sexual activity and more drug use than consumers of other music.〔
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